ACADEMIA

It was fishermen off the coast of Peru who first recognized the anomaly, hundreds of years ago. Every so often, their usually cold, nutrient-rich water would turn warm and the fish they depended on would disappear. Then there was the ceaseless rain.

They called it "El Nino," The Boy -- or Christmas Boy -- because of its timing near the holiday each time it returned, every three to seven years.

El Nino is not a contemporary phenomenon; it's long been the Earth's dominant source of year-to-year climate fluctuation. But as the climate warms and the feedbacks that drive the cycle change, researchers want to know how El Nino will respond. A team of researchers led by the University of Wisconsin's Zhengyu Liu published the latest findings in this quest Nov. 27, 2014 in Nature.

"We can't see the future; the only thing we can do is examine the past," says Liu, a professor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences. "The question people are interested in now is whether it's going to be stronger or weaker, and this requires us to first check if our model can simulate its past history."

The study examines what has influenced El Nino over the last 21,000 years in order to understand its future and to prepare for the consequences. It is valuable knowledge for scientists, land managers, policymakers and many others, as people across the globe focus on adapting to a changing climate.

Using state-of-the-art supercomputer models maintained at the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado, the researchers -- also from Peking University in China, the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Georgia Institute of Technology -- determined that El Nino has intensified over the last 6,000 years.

The findings corroborate data from previous studies, which relied on observations like historical sediments off the Central American coast and changes in fossilized coral. During warm, rainy El Nino years, the coastal sediments consist of larger mixed deposits of lighter color, and the coral provides a unique signature, akin to rings on a tree.

"There have been some observations that El Nino has been changing," says Liu, also a professor in the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies Center for Climatic Research. "Previous studies seem to indicate El Nino has increased over the last 5,000 to 7,000 years."

But unlike previous studies, the new model provides a continuous look at the long history of El Nino, rather than a snapshot in time.

It examines the large-scale influences that have impacted the strength of El Nino over the last 21,000 years, such as atmospheric carbon dioxide, ice sheet melting and changes to Earth's orbit.

El Nino is driven by an intricate tango between the ocean and the Earth's atmosphere. In non-El Nino years, trade winds over the tropical Pacific Ocean drive the seas westward, from the coast of Central America toward Indonesia, adding a thick, warm layer to the surface of the western part of the ocean while cooler water rises to the surface in the east. This brings rain to the west and dry conditions to the east.

During El Nino, the trade winds relax and the sea surface temperature differences between the Western and Eastern Pacific Ocean are diminished. This alters the heat distribution in both the water and the air in each region, forcing a cascade of global climate-related changes.

"It has an impact on Madison winter temperatures -- when Peru is warm, it's warm here," says Liu. "It has global impact. If there are changes in the future, will it change the pattern?"

Before the start of the Holocene -- which began roughly 12,000 years ago -- pulses of melting water during deglaciation most strongly influenced El Nino, the study found. But since that time, changes in Earth's orbit have played the greatest role in intensifying it.

Like an uptick in tempo, the feedbacks between ocean and atmosphere -- such as how wind and seas interact -- have grown stronger.

However, even with the best data available, some features of the simulated El Nino -- especially prior to 6,000 years ago -- can't be tested unambiguously, Liu says. The current observational data feeding the model is sparse and the resolution too low to pick up subtle shifts in El Nino over the millennia.

The study findings indicate better observational data is needed to refine the science, like more coral samples and sediment measurements from different locations in the Central Pacific. Like all science, better understanding what drives El Nino and how it might change is a process, and one that will continue to evolve over time.

"It's really an open door; we need more data to get a more significant model," he says. "With this study, we are providing the first benchmark for the next five, 10, 20 years into the future."